| Lobotomi | |
|---|---|
| Intervensi | |
 "Dr. Walter Freeman, kiri, dan Dr. James W. Watts right, mempelajari sebuah gambar sinar X sebelum operasi psikosurgis. Bedah jiwa adalah memotong otak untuk membentuk pola-pola baru dan membersihkan pasien dari delusi, obsesi, ketegangan saraf dan sejenisnya." Waldemar Kaempffert, "Turning the Mind Inside Out", Saturday Evening Post, 24 Mei 1941.
| |
| Sinonim | Leukotomi |
| ICD-9-CM | 01.32 |
| MeSH | D011612 |
Lobotomi, atau leukotomi, adalah bentuk perawatan bedah saraf untuk gangguan kejiwaan atau gangguan neurologis (misalnya epilepsi) yang melibatkan pemutusan koneksi di korteks prefrontal otak. Pembedahan ini menyebabkan sebagian besar koneksi ke dan dari korteks prefrontal, bagian anterior dari lobus frontal otak, terputus.
Pada masa lalu, perawatan ini digunakan untuk mengobati gangguan kejiwaan sebagai prosedur utama di beberapa negara. Prosedur ini kontroversial sejak awal penggunaannya, sebagian karena kurangnya pemahaman atas tingkat keparahan dan kronisitas penyakit kejiwaan yang parah dan bertahan lama, sehingga diklaim sebagai pengobatan yang tidak tepat. Bedah lobus frontal, termasuk lobotomi, adalah operasi kedua yang paling umum untuk epilepsi hingga hari ini, dan biasanya dilakukan pada satu sisi otak, tidak seperti lobotomi untuk gangguan kejiwaan yang dilakukan pada kedua sisi otak.
Pencetus prosedur ini, ahli saraf Portugis António Egas Moniz, berbagi Penghargaan Nobel untuk Fisiologi atau Kedokteran tahun 1949 untuk "penemuan nilai terapeutik leukotomi dalam psikosis tertentu", meskipun pemberian penghargaan ini telah menjadi subyek kontroversi.
Penggunaan prosedur ini meningkat secara dramatis dari awal tahun 1940-an hingga 1950-an; pada tahun 1951, hampir 20.000 lobotomi telah dilakukan di Amerika Serikat dan lebih banyak lagi secara proporsional di Britania Raya. Lebih banyak lobotomi dilakukan pada wanita daripada pria: sebuah studi tahun 1951 menemukan bahwa hampir 60% pasien lobotomi Amerika adalah wanita, dan data terbatas menunjukkan bahwa 74% lobotomi di Ontario dari tahun 1948 hingga 1952 dilakukan pada pasien wanita. Lobotomi mulai ditinggalkan pada tahun 1950-an, pertama di Uni Soviet dan Eropa. Istilah ini berasal dari bahasa Yunani: bahasa Yunani: λοβός lobos "lobus" dan τομή tomē "memotong, mengiris".
Lihat pula
- Cingulotomi bilateral - penghancuran sebagian dari otak
- Bioetika dan Etika medis
- Gangguan lobus frontal
- Cedera lobus frontal
- Bedah jiwa (psychosurgery)
- Sejarah bedah jiwa di Britania Raya
Catatan
Kutipan
Sumber
Sumber cetak
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Pranala luar
- My Lobotomy Radio story: Interview with Sallie Ellen Ionesco, lobotomised in 1946
- Mental Cruelty: Sunday Times article on lobotomy and contemporary psychosurgery
- Lobotomy's back: Discover article on cingulotomy
- 'My Lobotomy': Howard Dully's Journey. NPR Radio Documentary
- A Qualified Defence of 'Then': QJM
- Ten Notable Lobotomies
- Nobel Panel Urged to Rescind Prize for Lobotomies
- The Lobotomists: BBC Radio 4 documentary on the history of lobotomy
